{"id":23955645,"date":"2025-10-03T10:06:21","date_gmt":"2025-10-03T08:06:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fairresourcefoundation.org\/la-petrochimie-en-crise-remarques-critiques-sur-le-discours-du-lobby\/"},"modified":"2025-10-03T15:31:11","modified_gmt":"2025-10-03T13:31:11","slug":"la-petrochimie-en-crise-remarques-critiques-sur-le-discours-du-lobby","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fairresourcefoundation.org\/fr\/la-petrochimie-en-crise-remarques-critiques-sur-le-discours-du-lobby\/","title":{"rendered":"La p\u00e9trochimie en crise ? Remarques critiques sur le discours du lobby"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Le secteur p\u00e9trochimique se fait de plus en plus entendre ces derniers temps. Les dirigeants de BASF<\/a>, Evonik<\/a> et Ineos<\/a> mettent en garde contre une crise majeure. Selon eux, le secteur europ\u00e9en est au bord de l’effondrement, menac\u00e9 par les co\u00fbts \u00e9lev\u00e9s de l’\u00e9nergie, une politique climatique stricte et la concurrence d\u00e9loyale de la Chine. Le nouveau rapport<\/a> de Fairfin<\/a> \u00ab Les co\u00fbts \u00e9lev\u00e9s de la p\u00e9trochimie flamande : examen critique d’une industrie fossile<\/i> \u00bb apporte une nuance bienvenue : il n’est pas question d’une crise aigu\u00eb. <\/strong><\/p>\n

Les politiciens sont facilement impressionn\u00e9s par les r\u00e9cits alarmistes de l’industrie. Les recherches de Daniel Kahneman et Amos Tversky montrent que la population (y compris les politiciens) accordent plus d’importance aux pertes qu’aux gains de m\u00eame ampleur, de mani\u00e8re subjective. Un r\u00e9cit alarmiste sur une industrie en difficult\u00e9 suscite un sentiment d’urgence et de peur, et peut donc \u00eatre tr\u00e8s efficace, surtout si l’industrie menace de dispara\u00eetre. <\/span><\/p>\n

Les d\u00e9cideurs politiques se sont donc rapidement ralli\u00e9s \u00e0 la cause d’une industrie sous pression, comme en t\u00e9moigne clairement la <\/span>D\u00e9claration d’Anvers<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\n

Dans ce document, le secteur chimique et les d\u00e9cideurs politiques europ\u00e9ens plaident notamment en faveur d’un soutien accru des pouvoirs publics, d’un assouplissement des r\u00e8gles et d’une \u00e9nergie abondante, bon march\u00e9 et \u00e0 faible teneur en carbone.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mais cette image est-elle exacte ? L’\u00e9tude de Fairfin se penche sur cette question et montre que le discours de l’industrie p\u00e9trochimique est avant tout un instrument de lobbying visant \u00e0 obtenir le soutien des pouvoirs publics et \u00e0 affaiblir<\/a> la l\u00e9gislation europ\u00e9enne en mati\u00e8re d’environnement, comme le Green Deal. Dans l’article \u00ab A Crash Course on the EU’s Deregulation Wave<\/a> \u00bb, l’observatoire du lobbying Corporate Europe Observatory montre comment la D\u00e9claration d’Anvers, associ\u00e9e \u00e0 un fort glissement vers la droite au Parlement europ\u00e9en, a conduit \u00e0 une vague de d\u00e9r\u00e9glementation draconienne en Europe.<\/p>\n

Le discours de crise de l’industrie p\u00e9trochimique<\/h3>\n

Les propos<\/a> <\/span>du PDG de BASF, qui affirme que l’industrie europ\u00e9enne \u00ab est dos au mur \u00bb, sont alarmants. Evonik et Ineos en rajoutent une couche en mettant en garde contre des pertes d’emplois massives et une crise dont l’industrie chimique ne semble pas pouvoir se sortir. La D\u00e9claration d’Anvers traduit ce cadre en <\/span>
un texte politique<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>: \u00ab la transition europ\u00e9enne ne peut \u00eatre r\u00e9alis\u00e9e que si les industries de base et \u00e0 forte intensit\u00e9 \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique restent en Europe et continuent d’y investir \u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\n

La nuance apport\u00e9e par Fairfin<\/h3>\n

Fairfin doorprikt dit narratief door de cijfers naast de uitspraken te leggen. Ze analyseren de boekhouding van de petrochemische bedrijven in Vlaanderen, en de data over de economische en milieuprestaties van de chemische sector. Daarnaast kijkt Fairfin of deze industrie inderdaad zo essentieel is voor de economische welvaart in Vlaanderen, en hoeveel uitstoot en energieverbruik tegenover de gecre\u00eberde welvaart staan. <\/span><\/p>\n

Le rapport montre que, malgr\u00e9 les ann\u00e9es turbulentes que le secteur a travers\u00e9es, notamment en raison de la pand\u00e9mie du coronavirus et de la crise \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique, il reste structurellement rentable. Le ralentissement dans lequel se trouve actuellement l’industrie chimique s’explique principalement par le choc de la demande provoqu\u00e9 par le coronavirus. Des entreprises telles que BASF et Ineos ont continu\u00e9 \u00e0 r\u00e9aliser des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices consid\u00e9rables ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es et sont financi\u00e8rement saines. Le secteur est donc loin d’\u00eatre en faillite collective. <\/span><\/p>\n

Fairfin montre \u00e9galement que le secteur \u00e9met pr\u00e8s de quatre fois plus de CO2 par euro de valeur ajout\u00e9e que les autres secteurs couverts par le SEQE. Le secteur est \u00e9galement tr\u00e8s \u00e9nergivore, puisqu’il repr\u00e9sente 62 % de la consommation finale d’\u00e9nergie industrielle en Belgique. De plus, la p\u00e9trochimie b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d’aides sous forme de r\u00e9duction de la <\/span>taxe sur l’\u00e9nergie<\/a><\/span>, <\/span>de compensation<\/a> <\/span>pour la hausse des co\u00fbts \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques<\/span> et d’une utilisation non tax\u00e9e des huiles min\u00e9rales<\/a> (c’est-\u00e0-dire des mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res fossiles) dans le processus de production.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Alors que des pays comme la Chine<\/a> et les \u00c9tats-Unis<\/a> continuent de cro\u00eetre fortement. Ensemble, ils repr\u00e9sentent plus de 50 %<\/a>\u00a0de la production mondiale de plastique. La part de la production europ\u00e9enne dans ce domaine est \u00e9galement en baisse depuis des ann\u00e9es. En cons\u00e9quence, l’industrie p\u00e9trochimique europ\u00e9enne est moins dominante<\/a> qu’auparavant. Mais cela ne signifie pas pour autant qu’il s’agisse d’une crise.<\/span><\/p>\n

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D\u00e9fis structurels<\/h3>\n

Cela n’emp\u00eache pas que la p\u00e9trochimie soit confront\u00e9e \u00e0 des d\u00e9fis structurels. Le secteur est particuli\u00e8rement \u00e9nergivore et fortement d\u00e9pendant des combustibles fossiles, non seulement comme source d’\u00e9nergie, mais aussi comme mati\u00e8re premi\u00e8re pour les plastiques et les produits chimiques de base. M\u00eame avec un processus de production plus durable, le <\/span>Projet One<\/a> <\/span>d’Ineos reste d\u00e9pendant des importations de mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res fossiles. L’autonomie strat\u00e9gique ne peut donc pas \u00eatre r\u00e9alis\u00e9e en misant uniquement sur un processus de production plus propre. La v\u00e9rit\u00e9 est que nous devons \u0153uvrer \u00e0 l’\u00e9limination d\u00e9finitive des mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res fossiles, ce qui implique \u00e9galement un recul de la p\u00e9trochimie qui en d\u00e9pend.<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb1_4″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.22.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb z_index=\u00a0\u00bb99″ global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_image src=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/fairresourcefoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/pollution-1809580_1280.jpg\u00a0\u00bb title_text=\u00a0\u00bbpollution-1809580_1280″ url=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/www.verpact.nl\/sites\/default\/files\/2024-04\/Statiegeld%20in%20Nederland%2C%20een%20toelichting.pdf\u00a0\u00bb url_new_window=\u00a0\u00bbon\u00a0\u00bb _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.4″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb custom_margin=\u00a0\u00bb0%||0%||true|false\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb18px||0px|||\u00a0\u00bb border_radii=\u00a0\u00bbon|30px|30px|30px|30px\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.24.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color=\u00a0\u00bb#FFFFFF\u00a0\u00bb z_index=\u00a0\u00bb99″ width_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb90%\u00a0\u00bb width_phone=\u00a0\u00bb90%\u00a0\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00a0\u00bbon|desktop\u00a0\u00bb max_width=\u00a0\u00bb80%\u00a0\u00bb max_width_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb90%\u00a0\u00bb max_width_phone=\u00a0\u00bb90%\u00a0\u00bb max_width_last_edited=\u00a0\u00bbon|tablet\u00a0\u00bb custom_margin=\u00a0\u00bb||||false|false\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb0%|5%|2%|5%|false|false\u00a0\u00bb border_radii=\u00a0\u00bboff|||30px|30px\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb4_4″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.21.2″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb z_index=\u00a0\u00bb99″ global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.4″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{%22gcid-77784515-52da-45c3-b038-e5c2d51b4bf9%22:%91%22header_2_text_color%22,%22header_3_text_color%22%93}\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n

Production plastique contre recyclage<\/h3>\n

Un autre point fort du rapport Fairfin est l’analyse de la relation entre la production et le recyclage du plastique. Alors que les gouvernements formulent des ambitions circulaires, l’industrie p\u00e9trochimique continue de miser massivement sur la production de plastiques vierges. Ceux-ci restant bon march\u00e9, le recyclage a du mal \u00e0 \u00eatre comp\u00e9titif sur le plan \u00e9conomique. <\/span><\/p>\n

La production de plastique diminue en Europe <\/span>parce que les concurrents internationaux peuvent produire \u00e0 moindre co\u00fbt. <\/span>La Chine <\/span><\/a>et les <\/span>\u00c9tats-Unis<\/span><\/a> produisent \u00e0 bas prix gr\u00e2ce aux aides publiques et aux prix relativement bas des combustibles et des mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res.<\/span> Plastics Europe Nederland<\/span><\/a> qualifie cette baisse de la capacit\u00e9 de production de \u00ab menace s\u00e9rieuse pour la transition de l’industrie vers le plastique circulaire \u00bb. En r\u00e9alit\u00e9, cette affirmation sous-entend qu’il faudrait maintenir les entreprises polluantes afin de pouvoir contr\u00f4ler plus tard leur durabilit\u00e9. Mais l’Europe peut justement, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une politique normative en mati\u00e8re de produits et \u00e0 des taxes sur le plastique fossile, orienter tr\u00e8s efficacement la durabilit\u00e9. Pour am\u00e9liorer la durabilit\u00e9 de l’industrie, on ne peut pas soutenir l’industrie fossile. <\/span><\/p>\n

Des arbres en plastique<\/h3>\n

L’industrie p\u00e9trochimique tente de se positionner comme indispensable. Elle se pr\u00e9sente ainsi comme un secteur dont <\/span>
d\u00e9pend<\/a> <\/span>l’\u00e9conomie belge. Fairfin appelle cela \u00ab l’arbre de l’industrie \u00bb, une m\u00e9taphore qui souligne que tous les autres secteurs seraient d\u00e9pendants de ses produits. Cette image est en contradiction totale avec la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 : en maintenant la production de <\/span>plastique vierge <\/span><\/i>bon march\u00e9, l’industrie p\u00e9trochimique entrave le d\u00e9veloppement d’alternatives durables. La pr\u00e9vention, le recyclage et l’innovation circulaire devraient en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 b\u00e9n\u00e9ficier de l’attention actuellement accord\u00e9e \u00e0 la p\u00e9trochimie.<\/span><\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/h3>\n

La question centrale est la suivante : quelle industrie la Belgique et l’Europe souhaitent-elles pr\u00e9server ? Continuons-nous \u00e0 miser sur un secteur fossile structurellement polluant, ou nous tournons-nous vers des alternatives circulaires et durables ? <\/span><\/p>\n

L’id\u00e9e d’une crise de la p\u00e9trochimie s’av\u00e8re exag\u00e9r\u00e9 et strat\u00e9giquement biais\u00e9. Fairfin montre que le secteur n’est pas en situation d’urgence, mais qu’il s’agit bien d’une industrie structurellement polluante et d\u00e9pendante des \u00e9nergies fossiles qui souhaite obtenir des aides. Les d\u00e9cideurs politiques feraient mieux de consid\u00e9rer cet appel \u00e0 l’aide pour ce qu’il est : le cadre d’un secteur qui perd de sa pertinence. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Tags associ\u00e9s<\/h3>\n

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Le secteur p\u00e9trochimique crie haut et fort qu’il est en crise, menac\u00e9 par la politique climatique, les prix \u00e9lev\u00e9s de l’\u00e9nergie et la concurrence \u00e9trang\u00e8re. Mais cette image est-elle bien r\u00e9elle ? Fairfin a examin\u00e9 les chiffres qui sous-tendent le discours du lobby et conclut qu’il n’y a pas de crise aigu\u00eb. Le secteur reste structurellement rentable, malgr\u00e9 des ann\u00e9es turbulentes. Ce qui est visible, c’est une utilisation strat\u00e9gique du discours de crise pour obtenir des aides publiques, un assouplissement des r\u00e8gles environnementales et une \u00e9nergie bon march\u00e9. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":40,"featured_media":23955596,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","inline_featured_image":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[3215,3267,3293,3229],"tags":[3544,3528,3533,3338,3166],"dipi_cpt_category":[],"published_year":[3496,3501],"class_list":["post-23955645","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-dechets-et-pollution","category-highlights","category-highlights-fr","category-recyclage","tag-belgie-fr","tag-plastique-fr","tag-politiques-europeennes","tag-recyclage","tag-ressources","published_year-3496","published_year-2025-fr"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLa p\u00e9trochimie en crise ? Remarques critiques sur le discours du lobby | Fair Resource Foundation<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fairresourcefoundation.org\/fr\/la-petrochimie-en-crise-remarques-critiques-sur-le-discours-du-lobby\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"La p\u00e9trochimie en crise ? Remarques critiques sur le discours du lobby | Fair Resource Foundation\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Le secteur p\u00e9trochimique crie haut et fort qu'il est en crise, menac\u00e9 par la politique climatique, les prix \u00e9lev\u00e9s de l'\u00e9nergie et la concurrence \u00e9trang\u00e8re. Mais cette image est-elle bien r\u00e9elle ? Fairfin a examin\u00e9 les chiffres qui sous-tendent le discours du lobby et conclut qu'il n'y a pas de crise aigu\u00eb. Le secteur reste structurellement rentable, malgr\u00e9 des ann\u00e9es turbulentes. 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